「白賊」（Liar）和大腦前額葉的「白質」（White matter）有關

福爾摩沙11年7月12日
依據古蘭經第96章「血垤」的記載：
15
臻語：那冇，如過猗无止，阭一定會掠猗亽頭額，
SHAKIR：Nay! if he desist not, We would certainly smite his forehead,
中語漢譯：絕不然，如果他不停止，我一定要抓住他的額髮，
16
臻語：白賊亽，罪犯亽頭額。
SHAKIR：A lying, sinful forehead.
中語漢譯：說謊者，犯罪者的額髮。
**********************************
台語的「白賊」（Liar，Lie，說謊者）可昰其來有「自」！大有來「頭」。

甲骨「自」字样

所謂的「自」，其實就昰頭骨解剖部位的「Frontal bone（前額骨）」，也就昰邼限型成大腦「Frontal lobe（前額葉）」部位的頭頂骨架。「白賊」就昰「自」前額葉「運作」出來的，這昰和前額葉的「白質（White matter）」有關。這昰有研究說明：「病態性說謊」病患的大腦白質比「平常人」多約20％到26％。

「白質」和「欺騙個性」的關連昰：白質提供一個人有認知能力「供白賊」！

這也就昰為何臻語（台語）的「Liar」昰「白賊」，而不昰其他顏色的「賊」！

相關連結：Liars' brains 'are not the same'
Habitual liars' brains differ from those of honest people（習慣「白賊」的大腦不同於那些誠實的朲）, a study says.
A University of Southern California team studied 49 people and found those known to be pathological liars had up to 26% more white matter than others.（病態性說謊病患比其他朲有多到26％的「白質」）

White matter transmits information and grey matter processes it. Having more white matter in the prefrontal cortex may aid lying,（在前額皮層有更多的「白質」將會助增「供白賊」） the researchers said,

But the British Journal of Psychiatry said there were likely to be more differences in the brains of liars.

Manipulative behaviour
Participants were volunteers drawn from five temporary employment agencies in Los Angeles.

Three separate groups were studied.

The first consisted of 12 men and women with a history of being pathological liars; the second was 21 people who did not have a history of lying or anti-social behaviour.
The third group consisted of 16 people with anti-social personality disorder but no history of pathological lying. They were studied to see if they showed the same brain make-up as liars.

The researchers drew up a list of criteria for lying, cheating and deceiving, including habits such as conning people or behaving manipulatively, and telling lies in order to obtain sickness benefits.

They also assessed how much grey and white matter people had in the prefrontal cortex areas of their brains, using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Liars were found to have between 22 and 26% more white matter than either those with no history of lying or those in the anti-social group. （「白賊」比那些沒有說謊習性或那些反社會的朲，多出22 到26%的「白質」）

Childhood
The findings could not be explained by differences in age, ethnicity, IQ, head injury or substance misuse.

This is the first study to show a brain difference in people who lie, cheat and manipulate others, the researchers said.

They said the study could help research into areas such as people who feign illness.

The findings are in line with previous studies which showed children with autism are less capable of lying than other children.

Brain neurodevelopmental studies of autism show people with the condition have more grey matter than white matter - the opposite pattern to the liars in this study.

The researchers say the link between white matter and a deceitful personality could be that white matter provides a person with the cognitive capacity to lie. （「白質」和「欺騙個性」的關連是：白質提供一個人有「認知能力」去「說謊」）

Writing in the British Journal of Psychiatry, the research team led by Dr Yaling Yang, say: "To our knowledge, this is the first study to show a brain abnormality in people who lie, cheat and manipulate others.

"The results further implicate the prefrontal cortex as an important - but not sole - component in the neural circuitry underlying lying, and provide an initial neurological correlate of a deceitful personality."

They add: "Further studies are required to examine changes in brain anatomy during the critical neurodevelopmental period in childhood, alongside changes in lying ability, to test further our preliminary hypothesis on the link between prefrontal white matter and lying."

Dr Cosmo Hallstrom, a consultant psychiatrist in London, said: "The issue is always how much of our behaviour is under voluntary control and how much is innate.

"The finding of brain abnormalities lends weight to the idea that a strong component of such difficulties may well be beyond voluntary control at least in part."

相關連結：
「鬼」和「囟甶自由囱囪」和「魂魄」和「妖祅殀」和「異」和「魔」